What has happened?

On September 21, Vladimir Putin announced an immediate “partial” mobilization of Russian citizens. Defense minister Sergei Shoigu said that Russia plans to call up 300,000 additional soldiers to bolster the military campaign in Ukraine.

Trying to justify such a measure, the state authorities underlined that Russia fights not against Ukraine but the “collective West” and NATO. According to Putin, the territorial integrity of Russia is “threatened,” so all the means will be used to protect the state and its people.

What does it mean for Russians?

The authorities stated that the mobilization affects only about 1% of eligible men and only the most fitted ones with prior military experience and specialized training. However, the official text of the mobilization decree doesn't show the number of forces to be called. It also doesn't specify the categories of persons falling under the mobilization.

In other words, the “partial” mobilization may potentially involve almost all male citizens from 18 to 65 years old and probably women with military specialties, such as medics.

According to the Russian Ministry of Defense, some people can be exempted from mobilization due to their occupation in vital organizations. Others are unsuitable because of their age, health condition, or lack of military experience. Still, in fact, there is no guarantee that they won't be mobilized “by mistake.”

It has already happened to many people, such as a 63-year-old pensioner with diabetes and brain ischemia or an IT worker who was killed in Ukraine despite being entitled to draft deferment. The most vulnerable categories are ethnic minorities, rural and remote communities, and men from the poorest regions.

Can Russians refuse to participate in the war?

On September 20, just one day before Putin announced the mobilization, Russian lawmakers passed new legislation approving long jail terms for voluntary surrender, desertion, and refusal to serve during wartime or mobilization. For instance, deserters can be punished with up to 15 years in prison.

Besides going to jail, there are very few options for Russians who don't want to participate in the war. They can try to hide, but it becomes more challenging because Russian police raid metro stations, shopping malls, and apartment complexes to serve draft cards and fulfill the mobilization plan.

How have Russians reacted to the mobilization?

On the first day of “partial” mobilization, mass anti-war rallies erupted across Russia. At least 1,310 protesters had been detained; some of them were handed call-up papers demanding that they report to military conscription offices.

The most prominent anti-mobilization protests took place in Dagestan. According to open-source research, this poor national republic has already lost more soldiers killed than any other Russian region.

At the same time, thousands of military-aged men rushed to buy one-way flights out of the country or tried to cross the border by car. In the first two weeks after announcing the mobilization, 200,000 Russians entered Kazakhstan. Many others fled to Georgia, Mongolia, Turkey, and Armenia. Some people also escaped to Europe before Finland banned Russians with tourist visas from entering the country.

To learn more:

• 2022 Russian mobilization (Wikipedia)
• “They are grabbing everybody to fulfill the plan.” Locals describe mobilization in Buryatia (The Insider)
• ‘Everyone knew it was coming’ A dispatch from Russia's Republic of Buryatia, where mobilization is already underway (Meduza)
• Russian police raid shopping malls, apartment complexes, and metro stations to “round up everyone” for mobilization (The Insider)
• Ukraine war: Protests in Russia's Dagestan region against new draft (BBC News)
• Women in Dagestan and other regions protest mobilization ‘Our children are not fertilizer!’ (Meduza)
• Central Asia Wrestles With Huge Influx Of Russians Fleeing Army Duty (Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty)